Stalin biography breve coffee
Joseph Stalin
Leader of the Soviet Union from to
"Stalin" redirects here. For the Indian politician, see M. K. Stalin. For other uses, see Stalin (disambiguation).
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Vissarionovich and the family name is Stalin.
Joseph Stalin | |
|---|---|
Stalin at the Tehran Conference, | |
| In office 3 April &#;– 16 October [a] | |
| Preceded by | Vyacheslav Molotov(as Responsible Secretary) |
| Succeeded by | Nikita Khrushchev(as First Secretary) |
| In office 6 May &#;– 5 March | |
| First Deputy | |
| Preceded by | Vyacheslav Molotov |
| Succeeded by | Georgy Malenkov |
| In office 19 July &#;– 3 March | |
| Premier | Himself |
| Preceded by | Semyon Timoshenko |
| Succeeded by | Nikolai Bulganin |
| In office 8 November &#;– 7 July | |
| Premier | Vladimir Lenin |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Born | Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili 18 December&#;[O.S. 6 December]&#; |
| Died | 5 March () (aged&#;74) Moscow, Soviet Union |
| Resting place | |
| Political party | CPSU[d] (from ) |
| Other political affiliations | |
| Spouses | |
| Children | |
| Parents | |
| Alma mater | Tiflis Theological Seminary (attended) |
| Awards | Full list |
| Signature | |
| Nickname | Koba |
| Allegiance | |
| Branch | Red Army |
| Years&#;of service | – |
| Rank | Generalissimo (from ) |
| Commands | Soviet Armed Forces (from ) |
| Battles/wars | |
Central institution membership
| |
| Leader of the Soviet Union | |
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin[f] (born Dzhugashvili;[g] 18 December&#;[O.S.
6 December]&#;&#;&#; 5 March ) was a Soviet politician, revolutionary, and political theorist who led the Soviet Union from until his death in He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party from to and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers from until his death. Initially governing as part of a collective leadership, Stalin consolidated power to become a dictator by the s.
He codified his Leninist interpretation of Marxism as Marxism–Leninism, while the totalitarian political system he established became known as Stalinism.
Born into a poor Georgian family in Gori, Russian Empire, Stalin attended the Tiflis Theological Seminary before joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.
He raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction through robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets, and edited the party's newspaper, Pravda. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent internal exiles to Siberia. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution of , Stalin joined the governing Politburo, and following Lenin's death in , won the struggle to lead the country.
Under Stalin, the doctrine of socialism in one country became central to the party's ideology. His five-year plans, launched in , led to agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, establishing a centralised command economy. Resulting disruptions to food production contributed to a famine in – which killed millions, including in the Holodomor in Ukraine.
Between and , Stalin eradicated his political opponents and those deemed "enemies of the working class" in the Great Purge, after which he had absolute control of the party and government. Under his regime, an estimated 18 million people passed through the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and more than six million were deported to remote regions of the Soviet Union, which together resulted in millions of deaths.
Stalin promoted Marxism–Leninism abroad through the Communist International and supported European anti-fascist movements, including in the Spanish Civil War. In , his government signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany, enabling the Soviet invasion of Poland. Germany broke the pact by invading the Soviet Union in , leading Stalin to join the Allies of World War II.
Despite huge losses, the Soviet Red Army repelled the German invasion and captured Berlin in , ending the war in Europe. The Soviet Union, which had annexed the Baltic states and territories from Finland and Romania amid the war, established Soviet-aligned states in Central and Eastern Europe.
Stalin biography breve coffee He made shrewd appointments and consolidated his power so that eventually nearly all members of the central command owed their position to him. In the Soviet army, it takes more courage to retreat than advance. As war clouds were gathering on the horizon in , Stalin felt that he had scored a coup by striking a non-aggression pact with Hitler, in which they agreed to divide up Poland and then leave each other alone. Roosevelt argued that such an action would result in heavy casualties.The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as global superpowers, and entered a period of tension known as the Cold War. Stalin presided over post-war reconstruction and the first Soviet atomic bomb test in During these years, the country experienced another famine and a state-sponsored antisemitic campaign culminating in the "doctors' plot".
In , Stalin died after suffering a stroke, and was succeeded as leader by Georgy Malenkov and later by Nikita Khrushchev, who in denounced Stalin's rule and initiated a campaign of "de-Stalinisation".
Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist–Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of socialism and the working class.
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in , Stalin has retained a degree of popularity in post-Soviet states as an economic moderniser and victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union as a major world power.
Stalin biography breve coffee company Though he excelled in seminary school, Stalin left in Stalin was paranoid and power hungry — ruthlessly ordering the murder of millions of his own subjects on the slightest pretext of disloyalty or even threat of disloyalty. A year later, Stalin came in contact with Messame Dassy, a secret organization that supported Georgian independence from Russia. Earlier, he had ordered the Soviet representative to the United Nations to boycott the Security Council because it refused to accept the newly formed Communist People's Republic of China into the United Nations.Conversely, his regime has been widely condemned for overseeing mass repressions, ethnic cleansing, and famines which caused the deaths of millions.
Early life
Main article: Early life of Joseph Stalin
Early life
Stalin was born on 18 December&#;[O.S.
6 December]&#;[h] in Gori, Georgia, then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire. An ethnic Georgian, his birth name was Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (Russified as Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili).[g] His parents were Besarion Jughashvili and Ekaterine Geladze; Stalin was their third child and the only one to survive past infancy.
After Besarion's shoemaking workshop went into decline, the family fell into poverty, and he became an alcoholic who beat his wife and son. Ekaterine and her son left the home by , moving through nine different rented rooms. In , Stalin enrolled at the Gori Church School where he excelled. He faced health problems: an smallpox infection left him with facial scars, and at age 12 he was seriously injured when he was struck by a phaeton, causing a lifelong disability in his left arm.
In , Stalin enrolled as a trainee Russian Orthodox priest at the Tiflis Theological Seminary, enabled by a scholarship.
He initially achieved high grades, but lost interest in his studies. Stalin became influenced by Nikolay Chernyshevsky's pro-revolutionary novel What Is To Be Done?, and Alexander Kazbegi's The Patricide, with Stalin adopting the nickname "Koba" from its bandit protagonist. After reading Das Kapital, Stalin focused on Karl Marx's philosophy of Marxism, which was on the rise as a variety of socialism opposed to the Tsarist authorities.
He began attending secret workers' meetings, and left the seminary in April
– Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
During October , he worked as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. He attracted a group of socialist supporters, and co-organised a secret workers' meeting where he convinced many to strike on May Day The empire's secret police, the Okhrana, became aware of Stalin's activities and attempted to arrest him in March , but he went into hiding during which he lived off donations from friends.
He helped plan a demonstration in Tiflis on May Day at which 3, marchers clashed with the authorities. Stalin was elected to the Tiflis Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) –a Marxist party founded in – in November
That month, he travelled to Batumi. His militant rhetoric proved divisive among the city's Marxists, some of whom suspected that he was an agent provocateur.
Stalin began working at the Rothschild refinery storehouse, where he co-organised two workers' strikes. After the strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass demonstration which led to the storming of the prison. Stalin was arrested in April and sentenced to three years exile in Siberia, arriving in Novaya Uda in November After one failed attempt, Stalin escaped from his exile in January and travelled to Tiflis, where he co-edited the Marxist newspaper Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle") with Filipp Makharadze.
During his exile, the RSDLP had become divided between Vladimir Lenin's "Bolshevik" faction and Julius Martov's "Mensheviks". Stalin, who detested many Mensheviks in Georgia, aligned himself with the Bolsheviks.
– Revolution of and aftermath
In January , government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg spreading across the Empire in the Revolution of Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris, and he formed Bolshevik "battle squads" which he used to keep the city's warring ethnic factions apart.
His armed squads attacked local police and troops, raided arsenals, and raised funds via protection rackets. In November , the Georgian Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik conference in Tampere, Finland, where he met Lenin. Although Stalin held Lenin in deep respect, he vocally disagreed with his view that the Bolsheviks should field candidates for the election to the State Duma; Stalin viewed parliamentary process as a waste of time.
In April , he attended the RSDLP's Fourth Congress in Stockholm, where the party—then led by a Menshevik majority—agreed that it would not raise funds using armed and Stalin disagreed with this, and privately discussed continuing the robberies for the Bolshevik cause.
Stalin married Kato Svanidze in July , and in March she gave birth to their son Yakov.
Stalin, who by now had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik", in June organised the robbery of a bank stagecoach in Tiflis to fund the Bolsheviks'. His operatives ambushed the convoy in Erivansky Square with guns and home-made bombs; around 40 people were killed. Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son, where Mensheviks confronted him about the robbery and voted to expel him from the RSDLP, but he ignored them.
Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of Baku's RSDLP branch and edited two Bolshevik newspapers. In November , his wife died of typhus, and he left his son with her family in Tiflis. In Baku he reassembled his gang, which attacked Black Hundreds and raised money through racketeering, counterfeiting, robberies and kidnapping the children of wealthy figures for ransom.
In March , Stalin was arrested and imprisoned in Baku.
He led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants.
Breve coffee pronunciation: On the death of Lenin, Stalin was able to assume the position as leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin so strongly believed that he and Hitler had an understanding that he refused to listen to his military advisors' warnings in that the Wehrmacht was massing for an attack, and purged any one who dared utter such blasphemy. Stalin frequently clashed with Leon Trotsky and Stalin advocated harsh measures to ensure discipline and loyalty. The particularly pesky Leon Trotsky, who continued to badger Stalin from Mexico City after his exile in , had to be silenced once and for all with an ice pick in
He was sentenced to two years of exile in Solvychegodsk in northern Russia, arriving there in February In June, Stalin escaped to Saint Petersburg, but was arrested again in March and sent back to Solvychegodsk. In June , Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda where he stayed for two months. He then escaped to Saint Petersburg, where he was arrested again in September and sentenced to a further three years of exile in Vologda.
– Rise to the Central Committee and Pravda
In January , the first Bolshevik Central Committee was elected at the Prague Conference.
Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee, which Stalin (still in exile in Vologda) agreed to. Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would help secure support from the empire's minority ethnicities.
Stalin biography breve coffee pronunciation The man who turned the Soviet Union from a backward country into a world superpower at unimaginable human cost. When German forces streamed over the border, the Soviet Union was almost defenceless and German forces swept through the country reaching almost the outskirts of Moscow by Though his popularity from his successes during World War II was strong, Stalin's health began to deteriorate in the early s. Jimmy Carter.In February , Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg, where he was tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into a daily, Pravda ("Truth"). The new newspaper was launched in April and Stalin's role as editor was kept secret. In May , he was again arrested and sentenced to three years of exile in Siberia.
In July, he arrived in Narym, where he shared a room with fellow Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. After two months, they escaped to Saint Petersburg, where Stalin continued work on Pravda.
After the October Duma elections, Stalin wrote articles calling for reconciliation between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks; Lenin criticised him and he relented.
In January , Stalin travelled to Vienna, where he researched the "national question" of how the Bolsheviks should deal with the Empire's national and ethnic minorities. His article "Marxism and the National Question" was first published in the March, April, and May issues of the Bolshevik journal Prosveshcheniye under the pseudonym "K.
Stalin". The alias, which he had used since , is derived from the Russian for steel (stal), and has been translated as "Man of Steel". In February , Stalin was again arrested in Saint Petersburg and sentenced to four years of exile in Turukhansk in Siberia, where he arrived in August. Still concerned over a potential escape, the authorities moved him to Kureika in March
Russian Revolution
While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October he and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army.
They arrived in Krasnoyarsk in February , where a medical examiner ruled Stalin unfit for service due to his crippled arm. Stalin was required to serve four more months of his exile and successfully requested to serve it in Achinsk.
Breve coffee company Communist Party Leader The fledgling Soviet government went through a violent period after the revolution as various individuals vied for position and control. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Never a fiery intellectual polemicist or orator like Lenin or Trotsky, Stalin specialized in the humdrum nuts and bolts of revolutionary activity, risking arrest every day by helping organize workers, distributing illegal literature, and robbing trains to support the cause, while Lenin and his bookish friends lived safely abroad and wrote clever articles about the plight of the Russian working class. The people who count the votes decide everything.Stalin was in the city when the February Revolution took place; the Tsar abdicated and the Empire became a de facto republic. In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd (as Saint Petersburg had been renamed) in March. He assumed control of Pravda alongside Lev Kamenev, and was appointed as a Bolshevik delegate to the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet, an influential workers' council.
The existing government of landlords and capitalists must be replaced by a new government, a government of workers and peasants.
The existing pseudo-government which was not elected by the people and which is not accountable to the people must be replaced by a government recognised by the people, elected by representatives of the workers, soldiers and peasants and held accountable to their representatives.
Stalin's editorial in Pravda, October
Stalin helped organise the July Days uprising, an armed display of strength by supporters of the Bolsheviks. After the demonstration was suppressed, the Provisional Government initiated a crackdown on the party, raiding Pravda. Stalin smuggled Lenin out of the paper's office and took charge of his safety, moving him between Petrograd safe houses before smuggling him to nearby Razliv.
In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress. Lenin began calling for the Bolsheviks to seize power by toppling the Provisional Government, a plan which was supported by Stalin and fellow senior Bolshevik Leon Trotsky, but opposed by Kamenev, Zinoviev, and other members.